Three Favourite Exam Topics on ACS/Heart Failure...
1. Angina vs Myocardial Infarction - pain is less severe in angina and lasts <20mins
2. Complications of an MI - SPARED (Sudden Death, Pump Failure, Aneurysm/Arrythmia, Rupture of papillary muscle or septum, Embolism, Dressler's Syndrome 1 in 300-400, immune response/ESR+CRP raised/pericardial pain) + Early Pericarditis (19/20 will have no 'rub' though) 3. Principles of treatment of an acute left ventricular failure & it's signs - "This patient would look ill" · Sinus tachy/AF, Systolic HTN, Cardiomegaly on CXR, 3rd and 4th Heart Sounds, RHS or bilat pleural effusions · What are the SIGNS on a CXR? ABCD - Alveolar Oedema (Bat Wing Oedema), B-Lines (Kerley), Cardiomegaly, Dilated Upper Lobe Vessels, Effusion (Pleural) · TREATMENT = High dose oxygen if hypoxia present, Treat significant arrhythmias, IV diuretics ?furosemide, IV opiates like diamorph are pulmonary venodilators and reduce preload on the heart) · Consider repeat diuretics, and vasodilators like isosorbide infusions. · What is the New York Heart Association Classification? (Buzz Word - "Functional Capacity) Others · What are the features of pericardial pain? · What are the features of acute LVF on inspection of the patient? · (Bronchial veins --> Pulmonary veins --> Venous congestion = Bronchial Congestion - 'Cardiac Asthma?') · What is a gallop rhythm? (It is hard to hear with a HR >100)
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